Disease Pathophysiology And Treatment Of Diabetes Mellitus

Disease Pathophysiology and Treatment of Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus Rogelio Gonzales University of Texas Rio Grande Valley 1. Introduction â€Å"Diabetes mellitus, by far the most common of all endocrine disorders, is one of the foremost public health concerns confronting the world today. Over 23 million individuals in the United States, or 8% of the population, have diabetes. An estimated 17.5 million have been diagnosed, but 5.5 million (nearly one fourth) are unaware they have the disease† (Nelms, Sucher, Lacey, Roth, 2011). The prevalence of Type 1 diabetes mellitus in the U.S. is staggering, and in today’s society these estimated figures do not seem to be declining. Furthermore not only is it affecting the U.S., but also many other†¦show more content†¦These two hormones work hand in hand to balance the body’s glucose levels. In normal function, the pancreas secretes insulin in response to the introduction of glucose into the body and to meet basal metabolic needs. In type 1 diabetes, there is a deficiency of the hormone insulin, which can have many contributing facto rs. There is no one cause for this disease. However, one cause stems from the body’s immune response. The immune mediated response of type 1 diabetes is an, â€Å"autoimmunity directed against pancreatic islet cells [that] results in slowly progressing beta-cell destruction, culminating over years in clinically manifested insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus† (Krishna Srikanta, 2015). In short, an individual’s pancreatic beta cells begin to slowly die off which obviously affects the feedback mechanism that is regulating blood glucose concentration. Thus, it makes an individual rely on mechanically introduced insulin. As for clinical symptoms of this disease, the body compensates for the unregulated amount of glucose circulating within the body tissue by expelling glucose by any means necessary. This occurs by having excessive amounts of glucose released into the urine (glycosuria) as the kidneys become incapable of filtering the blood. Polyuria is the outcome o f the urine’s sudden increase in osmolarity. This symptom triggers a

A Brief Report On Colgan Flight 3407 Essay - 962 Words

February 12th, 2009. A sad day it was in the United States, mostly in the eastern section of the great land. Colgan flight 3407 was set for departure from Newark, New Jersey set to land in Buffalo, New York. Traffic was significant enough to illuminate plenty of people travelling to Buffalo and back as a total of 110 recorded flights from different carriers were incoming and going between the two locations. In which seven Continental flights were bound for the Newark Liberty International Airport from Buffalo Niagra International Airport on the same day. Little did the passengers and crew members know that Flight 3407 was special. As the plane was approaching the New York area, the cockpit crew observed ice accumulation on the aircraft’s wings. This was an indication of the flight operating in a low temperature area and may have been the cause of the crash. The accumulation of ice on the wing adds weight to the air-bone body and thus, reduces the lift. Additionally, it also ch anges the shape of the wing, and this shape is what gives the lift. During the investigation held by the National Transportation Safety Board, the Cockpit Voice Recorder (CVR) was examined and found out that the crew did not recheck if the de-ice system installed in the aircraft was operational or not. This was critical due to the fact that the ice buildup was a mere 6 minutes before the plane crashed. The Flight Data Recorder was brought into account, it stated that the de-ice system was set in the

History of linux free essay sample

The History of Linux began in 1991 with the commencement of a personal project by a Finnish student, Linus Torvalds, to create a new operating system kernel. Since then the resulting Linux kernel has been marked by constant growth throughout its history. Since the initial release of its source code in 1991, it has grown from a small number of C files under a license prohibiting commercial distribution to its state in 2009 of over 370 megabytes of source under the GNU General Public License. Events leading to creation The Unix operating system was conceived and implemented in the 1960s and first eleased in 1970. Its availability and portability caused it to be widely adopted, copied and modified by academic institutions and businesses. Its design became influential to authors of other systems. In 1983, Richard Stallman started the GNU project with the goal of creating a free UNIX-Iike operating system. As part of this work, he wrote the GNU General Public License (GPL). We will write a custom essay sample on History of linux or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page By the early 1990s there was almost enough available software to create a full operating system. However, the GNU kernel, called Hurd, failed to attract enough attention from developers leaving GNU incomplete. Another free operating system project in the 1980s was the Berkeley Software Distribution (BSD). This was developed by UC Berkeley from the 6th edition of Unix from ATT. Since BSD contained Unix code that ATT owned, ATT filed a lawsuit (USL v. BSDi) in the early 1990s against the University of California. This strongly limited the development and adoption of BSD. MINIX, a Unix-like system intended for academic use, was released by Andrew S. Tanenbaum in 1987. While source code for the system was available, modification and redistribution were restricted. In addition, MINXs 16-bit design was not well adapted to the 32- it features of the increasingly cheap and popular Intel 386 architecture for personal computers. These factors and the lack of a widely-adopted, free kernel provided the impetus for Torvaldss starting his project. He has stated that if either the GNU or 386BSD kernels were available at the time, he likely would not have written his own. The creation of Linux In 1991, in Helsinki, Linus Torvalds began a project that later became the Linux kernel. It was initially a terminal emulator, which Torvalds used to access the large UNIX servers of the university. He wrote the program specifically for the hardware he as using and independent of an operating system because he wanted to use the functions of his new PC with an 80386 processor. Development was done on MINIX using the GNU C compiler, which is still the main choice for compiling Linux today (although the code can be built with other compilers, such as the Intel C Compiler). As Torvalds wrote in his book Just for Fun, he eventually realized that he had written an operating system kernel. On 25 August 1991, he announced this system in a Usenet posting to the newsgroup comp. os. minix. The name Linus Torvalds had wanted to call his invention Freax, a portmanteau of freak, free, and x (as an allusion to Unix). During the start of his work on the system, he stored the files under the name Freax for about half of a year. Torvalds had already considered the name Linux, but initially dismissed it as too egotistical. In order to facilitate development, the files were uploaded to the FTP server (ftp. funet. fi) of FUNET in September 1991. Ari Lemmke, Torvalds coworker at the University of Helsinki who was one of the volunteer administrators for the FTP server at the time, did not think that Freax was a good name. So, he named the project Linux on the erver without consulting Torvalds. Later, however, Torvalds consented to Linux. To demonstrate how the word Linux should be pronounced, Torvalds included an audio guide with the kernel source code. Linux under the GNU GPL Torvalds first published the Linux kernel under its own licence, which had a restriction on commercial activity. The software to use with the kernel was software developed as part of the GNU project licensed under the GNU General Public License, a free software license. The first release of the Linux kernel, Linux 0. 01, included a binary of GNUs Bash shell. In the Notes for linux release 0. 1 Torvalds lists the GNU software that is required to run Linux. In 1992, he suggested releasing the kernel under the GNU General Public License. He first announced this decision in the release notes of version 0. 12. In the middle of December 1992 he published version 0. 99 using the GNU GPL.

Iq Testing And Grouping Essays - Intelligence, Psychometrics

Iq Testing And Grouping Running Head: IQ TESTING AND GROUPING INTELLIGENCE TESTING AND GROUPING RON WILLIAMS PSYCHOLOGICAL AND EDUCATIONAL TESTING CAMPBELL UNIVERSITY DR. FATICA IQ TESTING AND GROUPING 2 In defining intelligence, there has always been the question of whether intelligence is measured as a remarkable occurrence or if it has many variables that are combined. For example, is it how ?smart? a person is? Or is it their ability to perform well on standardized tests? Are they measuring a person's intelligence? Or just some arbitrary quantity of the person's IQ? Or is it a mixture of survival, mathematical, social and other abilities. There are many debates regarding whether measuring intelligence is determined from test scores and results, or if it is measured by the person's ability to process and problem solve. Uses of intelligence testing in an educational setting, intelligence and achievement tests are administered routinely to assess individual accomplishment. They are used to improve instruction and curriculum planning. High schools use these tests to assist in the students future educational planning and help decide what college or type of college to attend. Elementary schools utilize screening and testing procedures to help determine readiness for writing and reading placement. Intelligence can be measured, by intelligence tests, among them the Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale and the Wechsler Scale. These tests are intended to determine an individual's intelligence quotient (IQ). Intelligence tests usually provide an estimate of global cognitive functioning as well as information about functioning within more specific domains. Intelligence tests are quite stable compared to measures of other human traits. However, the degree of stability increases with age such that early childhood and preschool measures of intellectual function are far less predictive of later functioning than assessments taken during middle childhood. The stability of intelligence test scores may change as a function due to important environmental factors. Therefore, intelligence test scores are descriptive of a child's functioning at that point in time when taking a test. The test scores could also be effected by environmental factors, child's psychiatric status or educational program. IQ TESTING AND GROUPING 3 Components of a good intelligence test are (a) Validity; does the test really measure intelligence and not something else? (b) Reliability; does the test produce consistent measures? (c) Norms; are the participants being fairly compared? Components that make an intelligence test flawed are (a) Poor validity; tests may be sensitive to social factors. (b) Poor norms; comparing people who are different. (c) Poor application; tests measure something that the school or job has nothing to do with. Theories of Process Psychometric Model Psychometric approach is defined as psychology that deals with the design, administration, and interpretation of quantitative tests for the measurement of psychological variables such as intelligence, aptitude, and personality traits. There are various psychometric approaches to intelligence. The following paragraphs describe three different theorists and their psychometric model. First is Charles Spearman, who believed that intelligence is a combination of two parts. According to his two-factory theory of intelligence, the performance of any intellectual act requires some combination of g, (general intelligence factor) which is available to the same individual to the same degree for all intellectual acts. (Specific factors) or s is specific to that act and varies in strength from one act to another. S is specific knowledge such as verbal reasoning or spatial problem solving. Spearman equated g with mental energy. If one knows how a person perfo rms on one task that is highly saturated with g, one can safely predict a similar level of performance for another highly g saturated task. The prediction of performance on tasks with high s factors is less accurate. Thus, the most important information to have about a person's intellectual ability is an estimate of their g or mental energy (Plucker 1989). Guilford's theory includes 150 abilities, arranged in three dimensions; contents, operations, and products. Guilford's three-dimensional Structure of Intellect classified intellectual acts into 120 separate categories. These categories are operations dimension, products dimension and material IQ TESTING AND GROUPING 4 or content dimension. He developed firm convictions regarding the ability of individual difference among people. Guilford believed that intelligence is much too complicated to be subsumed by a few primary mental abilities and g factor. His systematic theory gave rise to what is known as

Health and fitness Essays

Health and fitness Essays Health and fitness Paper Health and fitness Paper I have been told by my well-meaning friends that very fit people have two advantages when they rest. First, their wide recuperation zone enables them to handle physical or emotional stress better. When a fit person gets the flu, for example, his heart rate may increase up to 35 percent of maximum, but he is still in his recuperation zone. When an unfit person gets the flu, his heart rate pushes him out of the recuperation zone so tissue repair is jeopardized. Second, very fit people can be active and still be in their recuperation zone. When my fit friend gets a cold, his mom wants him to rest. For her, rest means sitting down. For my friend, playing basketball outside with his friends in the driveway may be rest. It takes a lot of running around to drive him above 50 percent maximum heart rate. Fit people rest and recuperate while having fun doing active things. One must not overlook the significance of this: it may be the most important thing one will ever learn about fitness. Fat, out-of-shape people often complain of how hard it is to get fit again. They try to exercise religiously, but something always seems to go wrong, causing repeated setbacks. Their recuperation zone is so narrow that it’s hard to stay within it. Even if they exercise perfectly, monitoring their breathing and heart rate, the slightest cold, muscle strain, stress drives them above that narrow zone, thus decreasing the time spent in recuperation. Fit people, on the other hand, appear not to need rest. When they are doing gentle activity, they are still in their recuperation zone, repairing tissue, replenishing glycogen and building muscle. I guess I stand to benefit if I lose another 5-8 pounds because at 125 pounds, I still feel quite heavy. After some thinking, I decided to enroll and try out a new gym and dance center near our place. I still feel that it would be beneficial for me if I exercise over and over until I gradually get fitter and my resting heart rate gradually decreases, giving an ever-widening zone in which to recuperate. Recently a friend suggested that when I hike, I actually am in the subaerobic zone most of the time. Occasional uphills push me into the aerobic zone, and very steep climbs push me into the anaerobic zone. But most of the time, I amble along the subaerobically, enjoying the scenery. Because I do so much of it, I’m quite sure my subaerobic pastime does more to maintain my fitness than the aerobic jogging I do when I’m home. What are the reasons why some people are physically active while others are sedentary? Some people are basically just too lazy to flex a muscle or too. exercising, and went too active in their life. People can definitely become more flexible as they get older, instead of less, but like everything else, it takes consistent practice. You don’t have to stretch every single day if you don’t want. But do stretch before you exercise, and try to do a full stretching routine two or three times a week. Describe reasons that underlie why people are active or inactive. Highlight and emphasize the one or two reasons that you think are the critical ones for most active and inactive people. Some people exercise because they understand that exercise keeps blood sugar levels in control. This is the same with the high cholesterol levels which I already have. Judging from the slew of books and magazine articles extolling the virtues of various â€Å"surefire† weight loss programs, the financial success of reducing clubs, and the popularity of special foods that claim to make people lose weight, sometimes it appears that the American national pastime is not baseball, but dieting. Although some people may be overweight because they suffer from some kind of metabolic or physiological disturbance, the overwhelming majority of overweight people are so because their level of physical activity is too low to9 match the calories they consume. How do these reasons explain my own level of physical activity? These reasons level with my own level of physical activity because I am mostly seated down, whether in the classroom or at home in front of the computer. I noticed that   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  daily, I am rooted to my chair for hours on end and I   is not working for me at all. I know I need to be moving because I realize that our bodies were designed to move. Because machines do a lot of our work for us, and because many occupations, including going to school, involve many hours of sitting, it is easy for most individuals to ingest more calories than they expend. Moreover, the ready available food, especially high-calorie snack foods such as potato chips, candy and the like, makes it even easier to acquire   needless calories and excess pounds. Consider how these reasons seem to explain your own level of physical activity. Upon looking at my own body needs, it seems that if I want to adopt a weight-reducing program that results in a loss   of 1 pound a month, I can easily plan my dietary and physical activities so I can produce a net daily deficit of 120 calories.   All I have to do is to walk a   little more each day or cut out a soft drink or a couple of cookies. Most people are involved in special diets and other rapid-weight loss programs. Such programs plunge people into unusual and sometimes bizarre exercise and eating behaviors that may produce temporary   weight loss but that, because they are so unusual, cannot be sustained. People become impatient with time-consuming exercises and become bored with restricted diets; soon they give up and return to their former life styles and habits. As for me, I know that in order to achieve permanent weight loss and energy balance at a desired weight, overweight people have to change their long-term eating behaviors and their levels of physical activity. In short, successful weight loss and permanent weight control require a lifestyle change. WORK CITED Charles b Corbin, William r, Corbin, gr. j welk, and Karen a welk.

Euthanasia Suicide and Patients Essay

Euthanasia Suicide and Patients Essay Euthanasia: Suicide and Patients Essay Human euthanasia, also known as assisted suicide is a controversial topic that has affected countries worldwide for an extended period of time. Assisted suicide is legal in four countries and the states of Washington and Oregon in the United States of America. Many people would argue that the decision to kill oneself is strictly a private choice that society should not have control over. That opinion assumes that suicide results when competent individuals make independent, reasonable decisions to die that society should not be interfering with. Experts whom have studied suicide found the basic assumption being made in regard to assisted suicide are incorrect. A British study involving the examination of medical records determined, â€Å"93% of the patients studied whom either committed suicide themselves or went through with a physician assisted suicide, were mentally ill at the time of their death.†1 This suggests that the majority of people who undergo this treatment are not in the proper state of mind to make a life altering decision. Assisted suicide goes against the beliefs held in several religions and those generally accepted in regard to human morality. Individuals that may be depressed or whom are suffering from mental disparity due to illness may wish to die at the moment, but may change their minds further down the road, an error the doctors cannot undo. With the advancements made in current medical technology and medicine, the road to recovery for a terminally ill patient is possible. By rendering assisted suicide illegal it may prevent many unnecessary or immoral deaths from taking place thereby opening the road to recovery for patients suffering with an issue that would lead them to seek death as the sole solution. Ending a person’s life by way of murder is a practice frowned upon across the world. Suspects who commit murder may face charges and possible jail sentences, thus why shouldn’t a physician who assisted in a suicide face the same potential punishment? People believe that it is morally wrong to commit suicide; therefore it is also morally wrong to aid someone in the act of taking their own life. The decision to take away someone’s life should be entered into with significant consideration and not completed utilizing a procedure in which the individual drinks pentobarbital, a drug, that when ingested or injected will end ones life. Assisted suicide goes against the beliefs held in many religions that suggest God created human life and therefore God is the only figure who should be permitted to end a human’s life. Most religions believe that those who become vulnerable through illness or disability, deserve special care and protection, and that the proper end of life should be in a comfortable, monitored environment rather than allowing the act of euthanasia to occur. Christianity beliefs are that, â€Å"Human life is a sacred thing, which should be protected and preserved no matte r what state of health that person is currently in since God has a plan for all living and interfering with the plan should not be tolerable†.2 Allowing physician assisted suicide to be legal goes against Christian beliefs and human morality and values as life is viewed as a privilege that should not be taken away so easily. Virtually all religions state that God forbids any form of death sentence or the assisted killing of an innocent person as that is unlawful. There is also the argument of an individual choosing death over life as not being in the proper state of mind. The majority of terminally ill patients whom have suffered for a long period of time may have an underlying mental illness. Some psychologists state, â€Å"An attempt at suicide is often a challenge to determine if anyone really cares for the involved person. Seeking physician assisted suicide, rather than just acting solely to kill oneself, may well be a subconscious manifestation of that precise issue.â € 3 By giving people the choice for a physician assisted suicide

ACTA and Internet Counterfeiting Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

ACTA and Internet Counterfeiting - Essay Example As an e-commerce medium, it is used as a payment medium through PayPal, VISA and other online payment systems. Moreover, it is the medium through which softcopy products like eBooks, software, online courses and other products are delivered. Since most of these activities involve transmission of sensitive information about people and more so customers, the information passing through the internet is encrypted such that the information encoded by the server can only be decoded by the client’s terminal and vice versa (Illing and Peitz, 2006: 102). This means that information being transmitted over encrypted networks cannot be accessed by third parties. This security property of the internet is priceless since it helps to sustain the faith that suppliers and consumers have on the internet; however, it also poses one of the major challenges in regulation of content being transmitted over the internet. It enables the internet to be used for transmission of information, a large port ion of which is unauthorised for electronic transmission (Biagi, 2011). Such information includes transmission of age-inappropriate content, rumours and propaganda that may undermine peace and stability, and copyrighted material. Censorship for inappropriate content can be easily implemented at a country or state level; however, transmission of copyrighted material like music, eBooks and software is hard to control since sharing networks entails use of multiple servers located all over the globe (Hertwig and Maus, 2010: 60). This necessitates the adoption of a common regulatory system, whereby countries work together to enforce antipiracy regulations. This essay discusses the effects of internet infringement of property rights and copyrights and discusses the adoption of ACTA (Anti-Counterfeiting Trade Agreement), especially in the European Union. Technical Factors Historically duplication of copyrighted materials has always happened; however, the internet offered a channel that mad e the process quite easy to achieve with little skill level. Moreover, the vastness of the internet and its high rate of growth make any attempt to control its content an exercise in futility. Moreover, the technical knowledge of computer networking specialists gives them the ability to bypass any efforts by regulators, which is the main reason for proliferation of illegal websites (Woodsworth, 2010: 185). Moreover, developments in the information technology sector resulted in the proliferation of highly efficient but cheap IT equipment, which increased the number of servers, terminals and other devices beyond the scope of regulatory bodies. In order to cover the increased usage of the internet for illegal purposes, all stakeholders had to be incorporated in the process, which was the main motive of the implementers of ACTA. The other factor that leads to a high proliferation of computer piracy of software and other copyrighted materials is the capacity of network connections to wor k in both directions, such that information flows to or from a terminal in the same way it does to a server. This allows network terminals like workstations, personal computers and other devices to be used as sources of data, especially as used in peer-to-peer protocols like BitTorrent (Hunnewell and Garlick, 2007). These networks allow users to share data in their computers with other users without the need for a server; which makes it almost impossible to detect the circulation of copyrighted material since pieces of the software or other content are usually spread throughout the terminals in the networks. In this case, remarkably